How Substance Abuse, Disability, and Ethnicity are Connected

. ." (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 165). Problems for most battalion develop when "maladaptive behavioral changes associated with the more or slight regular use of psychoactive substances that affect the central neural system" appear (p. 165). For the progeny of pregnant women, however, problems begin with gestational exposure to alcohol, regardless of the fact that the mother may non be abusing the substance (Coles, 1993, pp. 255-266). Heavy use of alcohol by a pregnant woman, however, exacerbates the problem for the child once born.

The prevalence of drinking is highest for both females in the 21-34 advance range, which is the prime child-bearing age range (American Psychiatric Association, p. 173). Alcohol consumption among Native American women in this age range is disproportionately high (Burd & Moffatt, pp. 68-693). The prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome among native American populations also is disproportionately high.

Persistency of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Effects

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a widely accepted diagnosis in the contemporary finis (Dedam, McFarlane, & Hennessy, 1993, pp. 29-31). Significantly, substantial prenatal alcohol consumption can pass on before a woman realizes that she is pregnant, and the teratogenic risk increases is a woman continues to consume alcohol during her pregnancy (Frequent consumption, 1994, pp. 328-329).

The estimate is that thousands of infants atomic number 18 born each year with fetal alcohol syndr

Prevalence of Behavioral Disabilities

Nickman, S. L., & Lewis, R. G. (1994, June). Adoptive families and professionals: When the experts sop up things worse. Journal of the American honorary society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(5), 753-755.

Griffith, D. R., Azuma, S. D., & Chasnoff, I. J. (1994, January). triad year outcome of children exposed prenatally to drugs. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(1), 20-27.

Adoption Frequency Among Native Americans

mental Disabilities Associated

Dedam, R., McFarlane, C., & Hennessy, K. (1993, June). A dangerous lack of understanding. Canadian Nurse, 89(6), 29-31.

James, R. S., & James, H., A. (1992). Transracial Adoption. (3rd ed.). New York: can Wiley & Sons.

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